Bush426
Dukakis111
1988 electoral votes. Popular vote: Bush 53.4%, Dukakis 45.6%, others 1.0%.
Faithless electors: Lloyd Bentsen 1 (West Virginia).
Electoral votes by state
By state
| State | EV | Won by | Dukakis % | Bush % | Others % | Margin, all votes | Margin, two-party | Votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 9 | R 9 | 39.9 | 59.2 | 1.0 | R+19.3 | R+19.5 | 1,378,476 |
| Alaska | 3 | R 3 | 36.3 | 59.6 | 4.1 | R+23.3 | R+24.3 | 200,116 |
| Arizona | 7 | R 7 | 38.7 | 60.0 | 1.3 | R+21.2 | R+21.5 | 1,171,873 |
| Arkansas | 6 | R 6 | 42.2 | 56.4 | 1.4 | R+14.2 | R+14.4 | 827,738 |
| California | 47 | R 47 | 47.6 | 51.1 | 1.3 | R+3.6 | R+3.6 | 9,887,065 |
| Colorado | 8 | R 8 | 45.3 | 53.1 | 1.7 | R+7.8 | R+7.9 | 1,372,394 |
| Connecticut | 8 | R 8 | 46.9 | 52.0 | 1.1 | R+5.1 | R+5.2 | 1,443,394 |
| Delaware | 3 | R 3 | 43.5 | 55.9 | 0.6 | R+12.4 | R+12.5 | 249,891 |
| District of Columbia | 3 | D 3 | 82.6 | 14.3 | 3.0 | D+68.3 | D+70.5 | 192,877 |
| Florida | 21 | R 21 | 38.5 | 60.9 | 0.6 | R+22.4 | R+22.5 | 4,302,313 |
| Georgia | 12 | R 12 | 39.5 | 59.8 | 0.7 | R+20.3 | R+20.4 | 1,809,672 |
| Hawaii | 4 | D 4 | 54.3 | 44.8 | 1.0 | D+9.5 | D+9.6 | 354,461 |
| Idaho | 4 | R 4 | 36.0 | 62.1 | 1.9 | R+26.1 | R+26.6 | 408,968 |
| Illinois | 24 | R 24 | 48.6 | 50.7 | 0.7 | R+2.1 | R+2.1 | 4,559,120 |
| Indiana | 12 | R 12 | 39.7 | 59.8 | 0.5 | R+20.2 | R+20.3 | 2,168,621 |
| Iowa | 8 | D 8 | 54.7 | 44.5 | 0.8 | D+10.2 | D+10.3 | 1,225,614 |
| Kansas | 7 | R 7 | 42.6 | 55.8 | 1.6 | R+13.2 | R+13.5 | 993,044 |
| Kentucky | 9 | R 9 | 43.9 | 55.5 | 0.6 | R+11.6 | R+11.7 | 1,322,517 |
| Louisiana | 10 | R 10 | 44.1 | 54.3 | 1.7 | R+10.2 | R+10.4 | 1,628,202 |
| Maine | 4 | R 4 | 43.9 | 55.3 | 0.8 | R+11.5 | R+11.5 | 555,035 |
| Maryland | 10 | R 10 | 48.2 | 51.1 | 0.7 | R+2.9 | R+2.9 | 1,714,358 |
| Massachusetts | 13 | D 13 | 53.2 | 45.4 | 1.4 | D+7.9 | D+8.0 | 2,632,801 |
| Michigan | 20 | R 20 | 45.7 | 53.6 | 0.8 | R+7.9 | R+8.0 | 3,669,163 |
| Minnesota | 10 | D 10 | 52.9 | 45.9 | 1.2 | D+7.0 | D+7.1 | 2,096,790 |
| Mississippi | 7 | R 7 | 39.1 | 59.9 | 1.0 | R+20.8 | R+21.0 | 931,527 |
| Missouri | 11 | R 11 | 47.9 | 51.8 | 0.3 | R+4.0 | R+4.0 | 2,093,228 |
| Montana | 4 | R 4 | 46.2 | 52.1 | 1.7 | R+5.9 | R+6.0 | 365,674 |
| Nebraska | 5 | R 5 | 39.2 | 60.2 | 0.6 | R+21.0 | R+21.1 | 661,465 |
| Nevada | 4 | R 4 | 38.7 | 60.0 | 1.3 | R+21.4 | R+21.6 | 343,133 |
| New Hampshire | 4 | R 4 | 36.3 | 62.5 | 1.2 | R+26.2 | R+26.5 | 450,525 |
| New Jersey | 16 | R 16 | 42.6 | 56.2 | 1.2 | R+13.6 | R+13.8 | 3,099,553 |
| New Mexico | 5 | R 5 | 46.9 | 51.9 | 1.3 | R+5.0 | R+5.0 | 521,387 |
| New York | 36 | D 36 | 51.6 | 47.5 | 0.9 | D+4.1 | D+4.1 | 6,485,683 |
| North Carolina | 13 | R 13 | 41.7 | 58.0 | 0.3 | R+16.3 | R+16.3 | 2,134,370 |
| North Dakota | 3 | R 3 | 43.0 | 56.0 | 1.0 | R+13.1 | R+13.2 | 297,261 |
| Ohio | 23 | R 23 | 44.1 | 55.0 | 0.9 | R+10.9 | R+10.9 | 4,393,585 |
| Oklahoma | 8 | R 8 | 41.3 | 57.9 | 0.8 | R+16.6 | R+16.8 | 1,171,036 |
| Oregon | 7 | D 7 | 51.3 | 46.6 | 2.1 | D+4.7 | D+4.8 | 1,201,694 |
| Pennsylvania | 25 | R 25 | 48.4 | 50.7 | 0.9 | R+2.3 | R+2.3 | 4,536,251 |
| Rhode Island | 4 | D 4 | 55.6 | 43.9 | 0.4 | D+11.7 | D+11.8 | 404,622 |
| South Carolina | 8 | R 8 | 37.6 | 61.5 | 0.9 | R+23.9 | R+24.1 | 986,009 |
| South Dakota | 3 | R 3 | 46.5 | 52.8 | 0.6 | R+6.3 | R+6.4 | 312,991 |
| Tennessee | 11 | R 11 | 41.5 | 57.9 | 0.6 | R+16.3 | R+16.4 | 1,636,250 |
| Texas | 29 | R 29 | 43.3 | 56.0 | 0.7 | R+12.6 | R+12.7 | 5,427,410 |
| Utah | 5 | R 5 | 32.0 | 66.2 | 1.7 | R+34.2 | R+34.8 | 647,008 |
| Vermont | 3 | R 3 | 47.6 | 51.1 | 1.3 | R+3.5 | R+3.6 | 243,328 |
| Virginia | 12 | R 12 | 39.2 | 59.7 | 1.0 | R+20.5 | R+20.7 | 2,191,609 |
| Washington | 10 | D 10 | 50.0 | 48.5 | 1.5 | D+1.6 | D+1.6 | 1,865,253 |
| West Virginia | 6 | D 5, other 1 | 52.2 | 47.5 | 0.3 | D+4.7 | D+4.8 | 653,311 |
| Wisconsin | 11 | D 11 | 51.4 | 47.8 | 0.8 | D+3.6 | D+3.6 | 2,191,608 |
| Wyoming | 3 | R 3 | 38.0 | 60.5 | 1.5 | R+22.5 | R+22.8 | 176,551 |
| United States | 538 | R 426, D 111, other 1 | 45.6 | 53.4 | 1.0 | R+7.7 | R+7.8 | 91,586,825 |
MEDSL and VEST results files and National Archives electoral votes: fixed historic releases.
Sources
- National Archives, Office of the Federal Register: Electoral College results 1976-2024 (Public domain (US government work))
- MIT Election Data and Science Lab, U.S. President 1976-2024, Harvard Dataverse (CC0 1.0)
- MIT Election Data and Science Lab, County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2016 (GitHub copy, commit f44e3fc; the dataset is CC0 1.0 on Harvard Dataverse, doi:10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ) (CC0 1.0)
- Connecticut Secretary of the State, 2012 presidential election results by town (CT Election History), summed to the eight legacy counties by PollCheck (Official public records)
- Voting and Election Science Team, 2020 Precinct-Level Election Results, Harvard Dataverse (precincts summed to counties by PollCheck) (CC BY 4.0)
- PollCheck 2024 county totals (us_site/house_pres.py): MEDSL 2024 precinct returns (CC0 1.0) plus the state sources named in county_pres_2024.json (CC0 1.0 (MEDSL rows))
- US Census Bureau cartographic boundary files: counties 2020 (1:500,000) and 2024 (1:5,000,000) (Public domain)
- US Census Bureau state legislative districts (lower chamber), Alaska: TIGER/Line 2010 (2000 and 2010 districts) and cartographic boundary files 2013, 2018 and 2023 (Public domain)
- Maine Bureau of Corporations, Elections and Commissions, 2024 General Election, President and Vice President (certified, corrected 5 Dec 2024) (Maine government record)
- New York State Board of Elections, 2004 General Election, President and Vice President, results by county (New York government record)
- New York State Board of Elections, President and Vice-President Election Returns Nov. 6, 2012 (dated 20 Mar 2013, Kings update 9 Jun 2013), copy hosted by the American Presidency Project (New York government record)
- MIT Election Data and Science Lab, U.S. Senate statewide 1976-2024, Harvard Dataverse (CC0 1.0)
- State election office counts as read by the PollCheck midterms results feed (us_midterms_2026/data/results.json); uncertified (Official public records)
- us-atlas 3.0.1 counties-albers-10m (Census 2017 county boundaries) (ISC)
- us-atlas 3.0.1 states-albers-10m.json (US Census Bureau cartographic boundary files 2017; ISC licence)
- Photos: official portraits, public domain (US government); see Photo credits.
Final results.